So, to be clear, was there actual damage to the airframe or is this simply the normal procedure for exceeding g-load limits?

Ya know, inverted.

Honestly the only solution for preventing accidents is training. You didn’t mention if your friend was shot or not... but presumably the mom followed her training and didn’t shoot till she was sure of her target... one of the four fundamental rules of gun safety.

Small quibble with your comment - Police pistols are not by any means “hair trigger”.